Birds: The World’s Most Remarkable Creatures鸟类,世界上最非凡的生物
作者 梅利莎·梅恩茨
发表于 2025年12月

The first bird I fell in love with—my “spark bird”—was soaring in the northeastern Florida sky one May many years ago, its pointed wings spread gracefully and its deeply forked tail gently twisting to guide its curving flight. The black-and-white coloration was distinctive, and I rushed to a local used bookstore for what would become the first of many field guides on my shelves. A few flips of the pages, and I knew I’d seen a swallow-tailed kite1, an elegant raptor that is a summer visitor to Florida and the southeastern United States.

多年前的一个五月,我爱上的第一只鸟——我的“心动之鸟”——正在佛罗里达州东北部的天空翱翔。它优雅地舒展尖翅,并轻轻扭动深叉状的尾羽,来引导自己弧线形的航迹。看到它身上独特的黑白羽色,我赶紧跑到当地一家二手书店,买下了一本野外指南——它成为了日后我书架上众多野外指南中的第一本。刚翻了几页,我便确定自己见到的是一只燕尾鸢。这是一种优雅的猛禽,一般会在夏天“到访”佛罗里达和美国东南部。

Tens of millions of birders have had similar encounters with their own spark bird. In the United States alone, more than 45 million people are bird watchers. Roughly $4 billion is spent annually on birdseed and foods such as suet, nuts, and nectar, while another $2 billion is spent on binoculars, spotting scopes, and other equipment. Birds are the focus of conservation programs and citizen science projects2 such as the Great Backyard Bird Count3; art projects like the Audubon Mural Project4 in New York City, which highlights 314 bird species; and movies like Happy Feet (about penguins) and The Big Year (about a birding competition).

数千万观鸟者与他们的“心动之鸟”都有过类似的邂逅。仅在美国,就有4500多万观鸟爱好者,每年光是在板油、坚果、花蜜等鸟食上的花费就约达40亿美元,此外还有20亿美元用于购买双筒望远镜和观鸟镜等设备。鸟类不仅是各类保护计划与公众科学计划的焦点(比如“后院数鸟”计划),也是许多艺术项目的灵感来源(比如纽约市的“奥杜邦壁画项目”突出表现了314种鸟类),还是众多电影的主题(比如讲述企鹅的《快乐的大脚》和讲述观鸟竞赛的《观鸟大年》)。

That so many people love birds may be partly because there’s a bird for everyone. The more than 10,000 known bird species come in an extraordinary variety, and they can be found—almost literally—everywhere.

人们如此热爱鸟类,部分原因在于,总会有一种鸟能够打动你。已知鸟类种类繁多,有1万多种,广泛分布于地球上几乎每一个角落。

Birds thrive in all habitats, from fierce roadrunners5 in rocky deserts to colorful toucans6 in tropical jungles. You don’t need to live next to a wildlife refuge or nature preserve to enjoy a multitude of bird species—even the busiest cities are home to swallows and sparrows, hawks nesting on skyscrapers, ducks in park ponds, and hummingbirds in flower beds. Taking a trip to the beach? Watch for sandpipers7 running from the waves, pelicans floating on the water, and gulls flocking on the dunes. In rural areas, there might be quail, magpies, and wild turkeys at the edges of farm fields, while suburban yards can be flush with thrushes, warblers, and buntings. Wherever we are, birds provide us with an active, living connection to nature.

从岩质沙漠中性情凶猛的走鹃,到热带丛林中色彩斑斓的巨嘴鸟,在各种栖息地,鸟类都能生息繁衍。无须住在野生动物或自然保护区附近,你一样可以欣赏到各色各样的鸟类——即便最繁忙的都市,也有燕子和麻雀在此安家,摩天大楼上也有鹰隼在筑巢,公园池塘里有游弋的鸭子,花坛中还有飞舞的蜂鸟。去海边转转如何?留意那些逐浪奔跑的矶鹬、水上漂游的鹈鹕,还有群集在沙丘上的海鸥。在乡间的农田边上,也许会有鹌鹑、喜鹊和野火鸡;而到了郊区的庭院里,则到处是画眉、林莺和鹀鸟。无论身处何地,鸟类都是我们与大自然之间生动而鲜活的纽带。

Birds’ often vibrant colors can distinguish a species in a beautiful way. The brilliant red of the northern cardinal8 stands out against winter snows, while the bright hue of the blue jay9 is a bold splash of color among the leaves. Birds come in every color, and some—like the painted bunting10, with his blue head, lime-green back, and rich red chest—are a rainbow all by themselves.

鸟类通常有醒目的颜色,根据美丽的羽色可以分辨出是哪一种鸟。主红雀炽烈的红羽在皑皑冬雪中格外醒目,冠蓝鸦身上的鲜亮色调则如同一抹明快的颜料,点缀在绿叶当中。鸟类几乎拥有每一种色彩,其中如丽彩鹀,头部湛蓝、背部翠绿、胸部绯红,本身就犹如一道彩虹。

The varied hues have a purpose. Brighter colors can help birds attract stronger mates—as a general but not ironclad rule, the more colorful of the species are the males, with female birds often more muted, more demure, in their coloring. In other cases, a mottled pattern provides camouflage to protect nesting birds, and some birds, such as the northern pygmy owl11, even have false “eyespots” on the back of their head to fool potential predators.

这些多变的色彩并非徒有其表。鸟类羽色越是鲜亮,就越能吸引强壮的配偶——一般来说(但并非绝对),同类当中雄鸟的羽色更艳丽,雌鸟的羽色则更素净、更含蓄。而在其他情况下,斑驳的羽纹也可作为伪装来保护筑巢的鸟类;还有的鸟类——比如北美鸺鹠——甚至在后脑长有假的“眼斑”来迷惑潜在的捕食者。

The sight of birds in flight suggests a sense of freedom—from the awesome dive of a peregrine falcon12 to the swooping curves of a barn swallow, or even the quick flitting of a house wren13. The long-distance migrations of birds, flying hundreds or even thousands of miles between their summer and winter habitats, highlight their endurance and perseverance, as well as a kind of navigational intelligence. Birds rely on landmarks and stars to guide their journeys.

鸟类翱翔的景象让人感到自由——从游隼雷霆万钧的俯冲,到家燕轻盈飞掠的弧线,甚至是莺鹪鹩的快速穿梭。鸟类飞行数百乃至数千英里往返于夏季与冬季的栖息地之间,这种长途迁徙彰显出它们的耐力与坚毅,以及导航智慧。鸟类依靠地标和星辰指引航程。

There’s a variety in how they fly as well. Consider the hours-long flights of albatrosses14 out at sea as they soar on air currents; the frantic, adrenaline-inducing flights of pheasants scattering from predators; or the flittering flights of foraging warblers navigating the high trees without hitting a single branch.

它们的飞行方式也各具特色。试想一下,信天翁在海上乘风翱翔,一飞就是数小时;雉鸡为躲避捕食者,在肾上腺素刺激下也会疯狂振翅而逃;林莺在高树之间穿梭觅食,却身形翩跹,从不会撞上树枝。

And of course, there’s their songs. Chirps, whistles, coos, and warbles are as familiar as the somewhat less melodious screeches, squawks, hoots, and quacks. Some birds, such as mockingbirds, thrashers15, and catbirds16, are outstanding mimics and imitate not only other birds but also other animals—as well as car alarms and ring tones.

当然,还有鸟类的歌鸣。啁啾声、口哨声、咕咕声和鸣啭声,与稍欠悦耳的尖啸声、嘎嘎声、呜呜声和呱呱声,听上去都一样熟悉。有的鸟类,比如嘲鸫、弯嘴嘲鸫和园丁鸟,还是出色的模仿者,不仅能模仿其他鸟类和动物的叫声,还能模仿汽车警报声和电话铃声。

Birds sing to attract mates and to defend their territory, with more complex songs indicating better health and greater experience to lure the very best mates or defend larger territories. Other songs and calls communicate information about food or predators, and while in flight, flocks of birds often call to one another to maintain proper spacing with their airborne neighbors.

鸟类通过歌声来吸引配偶、捍卫领地,而越是复杂的歌声,越能体现它们体魄强健、经验丰富,进而吸引最优质的配偶或捍卫更大的领地。其他鸣叫一般用于传递关于食物或天敌的信息。同时,鸟群在飞行中常通过鸣叫来与同伴保持适当距离。

The reasons why humans appreciate birds are almost as diverse as birds themselves. The bill of a roseate  spoonbill17, the hovering of a hummingbird, the gleam of an eagle’s eye, the trill of a nightingale in the gloaming: Maybe one of those birds is your spark bird, long since catalogued or quite literally just up around the bend.

人类欣赏鸟类的原因几乎和鸟的种类一样多:粉红琵鹭的长喙、蜂鸟的空中悬停、鹰眼中闪烁的微光、黄昏时夜莺的颤鸣——它们当中也许就有属于你的“心动之鸟”,早已被收录在册,抑或即将与人类相识。

(译者单位:西安工程大学人文学院)

1 燕尾鸢,鹰形目鹰科燕尾鸢属。拥有黑白分明的羽毛和深分叉的黑色燕尾,尾长几乎是舵羽的两倍。雄雌同色,头部、颈部及下体为白色,上体呈石板青或天鹅绒黑灰色。分布于美国南部至阿根廷东北部,偏好湿润森林环境,尤其是沼泽地带和河流附近的高树。

2 公众科学计划是指公众参与科学研究的活动,参与者涵盖非职业科学家、科学爱好者和志愿者,内容涉及科学问题探索、新技术研发、数据收集与分析等方面。与传统科研不同,它具有公众广泛参与的鲜明特征。随着IT等技术的不断发展,公众科学计划在传播科学知识、提升公众科学理解等方面发挥着日益重要的作用。比如中国科学院的“地球大数据”平台(Big Earth Data Center, CAS),吸引超300万注册用户上传地质灾害相关地理图片,助力科学研究与灾害预警。  3 “后院数鸟”计划由美国康奈尔大学鸟类学实验室(The Cornell Lab of Ornithology)和美国国家奥杜邦学会(The National Audubon Society)于1998年联合发起,是一项极具影响力的全球公众科学计划。每年2月开展为期4天的活动。其间,全球各地民众,无论新手还是专家,只需在自家后院或其他地方花15分钟观察、识别并统计所见鸟类,然后将数据提交至birdcount.org网站。所有数据将汇总至eBird数据库,助力科学家研究鸟类种群的数量变化与迁徙规律,为鸟类保护提供关键依据。  4奥杜邦壁画项目是由美国国家奥杜邦学会(The National Audubon Society)与纽约市的华盛顿高地社区(Washington Heights)于2014年合作发起的公益艺术项目,旨在通过街头壁画唤起公众对气候变化威胁下鸟类生存状况的关注。项目致敬19世纪美国鸟类学家、画家约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦(John James Audubon),邀请全球艺术家在因伍德(Inwood)、华盛顿高地等社区的建筑外墙上绘制壁画,题材聚焦北美受气候变化威胁的鸟类物种。截至2025年,已有超300位艺术家参与,完成200余幅壁画,形成了独特的“鸟类艺术走廊”。项目通过艺术与科学结合,既美化了社区环境,又以直观方式传播鸟类保护知识,其模式已被其他城市借鉴,成为艺术推动生态保护的典范。

5 roadrunner走鹃,鹃形目杜鹃科走鹃属。又被称为chaparral cock、ground cuckoo和snake killer、roadrunner,是干旱美洲(Aridoamérica,指横跨墨西哥北部和美国西南部的文化与生态区域)的特有种,羽衣以橄榄褐色和白色条纹为主,头部为短而蓬松的羽冠,眼后有蓝红相间的裸露皮肤,腿粗壮,浅蓝色。走鹃擅长快速捕食蜥蜴、昆虫和响尾蛇。

6 toucan巨嘴鸟,䴕形目巨嘴鸟科巨嘴鸟属。又名鞭笞巨嘴鸟、托哥巨嘴鸟,是最具辨识度的南美热带鸟类之一,黑体白喉,红腹下的羽毛和醒目的红橙色大喙是其显著特征,喙端有黑色斑点。分布于南美洲圭亚那至阿根廷北部,偏好草原边缘和低湿草地。

7 sandpiper矶鹬,鸻形目丘鹬科矶鹬属。小型鹬类,以其独特的摆尾动作著称。繁殖于欧亚大陆温带至亚北极地区,冬季迁徙至非洲、亚洲南部及澳大利亚等地。体型较小,上体灰褐,下体洁白,肩部有明显的白色斑点,与斑腹矶鹬相区别。栖息于多种淡水环境边缘,如河流、湖泊岸边,偏好有砾石、沙子或岩石的地面,亦可见于潮间带和泥滩。

8主红雀,雀形目美洲雀科主红雀属,广泛分布于北美东部和中部。头部有显著羽冠,雄鸟全红,面部黑色;雌鸟灰橄榄色,翅膀和尾部有红色。主要栖息于林地、花园、灌丛和湿地,是美国七个州的州鸟。

9冠蓝鸦(也作bluejay),雀形目鸦科冠蓝鸦属,以其明亮的蓝羽、醒目的顶冠和大胆的黑色项圈著称。主要分布于北美洲东部和中部,包括美国落基山脉以东、圣皮埃尔和密克隆群岛以及加拿大南部。适应力强,常在城市、郊区和森林边缘栖息。

10丽彩鹀,雀形目美洲雀科彩鹀属。以其雄鸟成熟的鲜艳羽毛著称,包括深蓝色头部、鲜红色腹部与臀部,以及绿色背部。雌鸟和幼年个体羽毛呈黄绿色,具有隐蔽作用。该物种在东部和西部存在两个独立的繁殖群体,东部群体主要分布于美国东南沿海,西部群体则以得克萨斯为中心。

11北美鸺鹠,鸮形目鸱鸮科鸺鹠属,别称北方侏儒猫头鹰。体型小巧,羽毛呈灰、棕灰或赤褐色,头部圆润,有白色斑点,尾羽相对较长。分布于加拿大、美国及墨西哥的森林地带。pygmy(鸟类)体型非常小的。

12 peregrine falcon游隼,隼形目隼科隼属,又被称为鸽虎、花梨鹰、青燕,以捕食飞行中的鸟类而闻名。游隼是世界上短距离冲刺速度最快的鸟类,长距离飞行仅次于雨燕。

13莺鹪鹩,雀形目鹪鹩科鹪鹩属。遍及加拿大至南美洲最南端,偏好人类居住的郊区、公园、农田等开放地带。体型较小,羽毛以棕色为主,上体略淡,翅膀和尾巴带有暗色条纹,缺乏明显的白眉线。冬季主要隐蔽于灌木丛和篱笆中。

14 albatross信天翁是鹱形目信天翁科鸟类的统称。体型粗壮,体长可超1米,翅展可达3米;嘴大具钩,由多数角质片覆盖;羽毛基部呈偏灰褐的白色,背部和翅膀有一些黑色细密线条。信天翁科共4属21种,主要包括乌信天翁、漂泊信天翁、加岛信天翁、白顶信天翁、新西兰信天翁等。主要分布于南半球,少数生活在北太平洋和赤道地带。

15‌ mockingbird(嘲鸫/模仿鸟)‌和‌thrasher(弯嘴嘲鸫)‌是两类亲缘关系较近的鸣禽,同属嘲鸫科(Mimidae)。mockingbird更擅长模仿且常见于人类居住区,而thrasher以长弯喙和隐蔽的觅食行为为特征‌。嘲鸫科共12属36种,主要包括小嘲鸫(northern mockingbird)、蓝白嘲鸫(blue-and-white mockingbird)、褐弯嘴嘲鸫(brown thrasher)、加州弯嘴嘲鸫(california thrasher)等。

16园丁鸟是雀形目园丁鸟科鸟类的统称,共8属20种,主要包括北方园丁鸟(northern catbird)、褐冠园丁鸟(tan-capped catbird)、点斑园丁鸟(spotted catbird)等。羽色多样,雄鸟常常更加鲜艳;鸟喙强健,适合啄食果实与昆虫;脚爪有力,便于抓握树枝和搬运筑巢材料。主要分布于澳大利亚、新几内亚及其邻近岛屿。

17粉红琵鹭,鹈形目鹮科琵鹭属。是北美洲最独特和引人注目的涉水鸟之一,以其鲜明的粉红羽色和标志性扁平勺状喙闻名。历史上由于大量猎杀,这一物种曾濒临灭绝。

本文刊登于《英语世界》2025年12期
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